What technique is referred to as "Marcel waving"?

Marcel waving specifically refers to a technique that employs thermal irons to create defined waves in the hair. This method is named after the inventor, Marcel Grateau, who popularized the technique in the late 19th century. The use of heated irons allows for a more lasting wave compared to other methods, as the heat helps to shape and set the hair strands into the desired curl or wave pattern.

The thermal waving technique involves carefully clamping sections of hair between the heated iron, creating a distinctive S-shaped wave. Mastery of this technique requires knowledge of temperature control and timing to achieve the perfect wave without damaging the hair. The result is typically a polished and elegant look, often associated with vintage styling or formal occasions.

Using rollers to create waves or a curling wand can result in waves as well, but they do not represent the specific Marcel waving technique that focuses on thermal irons. Similarly, employing a straightener to create wavy patterns is not aligned with the traditional concept of Marcel waving. Thus, the definition and historical context of Marcel waving is crucial for understanding why thermal waving with irons is the correct answer.